茖葱资源、植物成分及生物活性研究进展

姜禹辰1,张先2,窦佳艺1,廉丽花1,南极星1*,吴艳玲1*

(1.延边大学药学院,吉林延吉133002;2.延边大学 农学院,吉林延吉133002)

摘 要:茖葱(Allium victorialis L.)为葱属百合科植物,是一种营养丰富的山野菜,中医还将其作为一种珍贵的草药而广泛利用。茖葱最早记载于战国,具备止血、退炎、消肿、去痛等功效。近年来,随着对野生茖葱营养价值和药用价值的深入了解,茖葱的相关研究也越来越多。该文对茖葱的植物成分以及生物活性等方面进行综述,以期为茖葱开发成一种功能性食品或药物补充剂提供一定的参考。

关键词:茖葱;资源;植物成分;生物活性;研究进展

茖葱(Allium victorialis L.)又名茗葱、鹿耳葱、寒葱等,为百合科多年生草本植物。株高20 cm~40 cm,鳞茎椭圆形,鳞茎皮丝网状,须根多[1-4]。广泛分布于北温带,生长于阴湿山坡、林下、草地或沟边的高海拔地区[5]。在我国东北、河北、山西、内蒙古、陕西等地均有分布,主要集中于长白山自然保护区,面积及数量极少,被列为珍稀保护植物[6]。茖葱全株及鳞茎均可药用或食用[7-10]。近年来受人为、气候等多种条件的限制,茖葱这一野生资源越来越稀少[11-13]

目前已经有多种茖葱的医药和保健制品投放市场,在日本,将茖葱称作“长寿草”。全草干粉压片或制胶囊,用于咳嗽、气管炎、高血压等病症的预防和改善[14]。本研究对茖葱植物成分、生物活性等进行综述,以期为茖葱开发成一种功能性食品或药物补充剂提供一定的参考。

1 茖葱中植物成分研究

茖葱中含有许多植物成分,主要为挥发油类、黄酮类、甾体类、糖类化合物、丰富的维生素C以及N、P、K、Mg等常量元素。

1.1 挥发油类化合物

李雅萌等[15]从茖葱鳞茎、花柱、茎叶、须根4个部位中共分离鉴定出二甲基二硫醚、二烯丙基二硫醚等179种挥发性成分。才燕等[16]以长白山茖葱为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取法对其根、叶片以及鳞茎的挥发油进行提取并对其分析鉴定。在根挥发油中鉴定得到2,3-去氢-1,8-桉叶素等33种化合物,叶片挥发油中鉴定得到(Z)乙酸叶醇酯等22种化合物,鳞茎挥发油中鉴定得到硫化丙烯等19种化合物。

1.2 黄酮类化合物

Woo等[17]从茖葱的乙醇提取物中分离出8种未知的黄酮苷,并命名为Allivictoside A~H以及12种已知的黄酮苷。李雅萌[18]从茖葱中分离出槲皮素、吉托皂苷元、山萘酚、芹菜素等成分。尹永芹[19]首次从茖葱鳞茎中获得单体化合物,确定为山奈酚、胡萝卜苷。目前,从茖葱中分离得到的黄酮类化合物达20多种[20-21]

1.3 甾体类化合物

Khan等[22-23]先后从茖葱中分离出3个新的甾体生物碱类化合物:Allumines A~C。Khan等[23]分离得到一个新的甾体生物碱,命名为大蒜素C。李雅萌[18]首次从茖葱中分离出 22(S)-胆甾-5-烯-1β,3β,16β,22-四醇1-O-α-L-鼠李糖基-16-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。

1.4 糖类

Takeichi等[24]用常规方法提取茖葱中的游离糖,得到果糖(D-fructose)、葡萄糖(D-glucose)、蔗糖(sucrose)、1-科斯糖(1-kestose)和新科斯糖(neokestose)。

1.5 其他物质

除此之外,茖葱还含有丰富的维生素C、可溶性蛋白质、纤维素以及 N、P、K、Mg等常量元素[25-28]。Adersen等[29]从茖葱鳞茎中发现两种新的花色苷:Cyanidin-3-O-(3'',6''-O-dimalonyl-β-glucopyranoside) 和 Cyanidin-3-O-(3''-O-maloney-β-glucopyranoside)。Tezuka等[30]从茖葱中发现α-OH-对-苯醌。尹永芹[19]从茖葱鳞茎中获得单体化合物,确定为多酚类原儿茶酸。Khan等[22,31]从茖葱中分离出2个新的环戊烷衍生物:Alliu monoate 和 4-{[2-(4-octadecylphenyl)oxy)]ethyl}-phenyl2-phenylcyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylate。

2 茖葱的生理功能特性

研究发现茖葱生理功能主要包括:保护心血管系统、降血脂、抗炎、抗肥胖、保肝护肝等。近些年,茖葱的生理功能以及其作用机制逐渐成为国内外学者研究的热点。

2.1 茖葱对心血管疾病的防治

血管慢性炎症反应、脂质堆积等各种因素的作用均会导致心血管疾病发生[32-33]。研究证实,葱属植物中普遍存在的大蒜素会分解为有机多硫化物,其后与硫醇作用产生H2S,H2S与NO信号间交互影响,进而发挥对心血管的保护作用[34]。赵怀清等[35-36]讨论了茖葱中的含硫化合物对小鼠心肌细胞的作用。结果发现,茖葱中含硫化合物对心肌细胞心率和振幅均有不同程度的增强作用,通过对Ca2+-ATP酶的抑制,从而达到强心的作用。KIM等[37]对家兔和胆固醇酯转移蛋白基因小鼠给予茖葱提取物,发现其显著抑制动脉内膜上动脉斑块的形成,表现出对动脉粥样硬化有着良好的疗效。李倩竹等[38]研究表明,茖葱的水提物通过软化血管、改善血管通透性以及抗血小板凝集、降低血管内的低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)的含量进而减少血栓形成,从而达到降血脂的功效。

2.2 茖葱的抗肥胖生理功能特性

研究表明,植物中的甾醇、皂苷、多酚和维生素都可以影响碳水化合物和脂肪代谢[39-40]。葱属植物洋葱具有降脂等活性,而这些作用归因于洋葱中所含的有机硫化物、甾体皂苷、多糖等物质[41]。李倩竹等[38]提取不同采摘时期长白山野生茖葱中黄酮、皂苷及粗多糖,分析功效成分质量分数变化规律,并探讨其降血脂功效。结果证明,茖葱的水提物通过促进脂质转运和排泄、调节脂代谢、加速肠道运转,从而减少脂肪和能量的摄入。Ku等[42]探讨茖葱叶片甲醇提取物对高脂饮食(high fat diet,HFD)的小鼠抗肥胖的作用。结果发现,其通过抑制脂肪的组织病理学变化、身体和脂肪质量的增加以及改善小鼠的高瘦素血症和低脂肪血症症状,进而改善HFD诱导的肥胖症。

2.3 茖葱的抗菌作用

黄酮类化合物对多种病原微生物的抗菌作用广为人知[43]。茖葱中的黄酮类化合物,是发挥抗菌的主要活性物质。尤其是黄酮类化合物中的山奈酚衍生物、芹菜素以及槲皮素衍生物更是能通过多种机制发挥其抗菌活性。例如,通过细胞凋亡途径诱导细菌细胞死亡等[44-45]。李倩竹等[46]提取茖葱水提物及乙醇提取物,探讨其抑菌作用。结果证明,茖葱水提物及乙醇提取物均对蜡状芽孢杆菌和沙门氏菌产生较好的抑制作用;其乙醇提取物则对金黄色葡萄球菌起着良好的抑菌效果。因此,茖葱有望被开发成为一种天然的抑菌剂。

2.4 茖葱对激素功能调节的作用

近半个世纪以来,人类的生育能力一直呈下降的趋势,男性引起的不育占50%左右。雄性激素是男性体内最重要的激素之一,决定了生殖器的分化,与男性生殖系统疾病息息相关[47-48]。张朝昱等[49]研究茖葱水提物对生殖功能被破坏的大鼠生殖激素调节情况。结果发现,茖葱水提物能显著改善肾阳虚大鼠睾丸组织形态结构出现的损伤;提升大鼠血清雄性激素和促性腺激素释放激素的水平;升高阴茎海绵体中一氧化氮合酶活性和环磷酸鸟苷含量。说明茖葱水提物可显著改善大鼠生殖激素的调节功能。

2.5 茖葱的抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌活性

Li等[50]对茖葱成熟叶片的水、乙醇提取物进行了抗氧化、抗炎活性的研究。结果发现其水提取物比乙醇提取物具有更高的抗氧化能力。水提物对α-葡萄糖苷酶有较强的抑制作用。而乙醇提取物则对小鼠巨噬细胞具有更强的抗炎活性。神经炎是局部外伤、中毒、感染等导致的炎症反应。Woo等[17]分离出茖葱黄酮衍生物来探究其对神经炎疾病的治疗和保护作用。结果发现,茖葱黄酮衍生物可以显著抑制促炎因子的释放以及脂多糖激活小胶质细胞NO的产生。Lee[51]发现茖葱的水提物对人结肠癌细胞(HT-29)具有更高的抗癌活性。茖葱中富含丰富的多糖、黄酮类以及甾体类,研究发现其具有很强的药用价值,在抗癌方面副作用小,具有开发成药物或功能食品的巨大潜力。

2.6 茖葱的免疫调节功能

免疫系统与许多疾病的发生和发展密切相关,包括炎症[52]、癌症[53]、糖尿病[54]等,它可以通过中和异物,吞噬清除病原微生物和肿瘤细胞来发挥免疫功能[55-58]。黄翠菊[59]提取茖葱有效成分,以黄酮和皂苷含量进行优化,探讨茖葱提取物对提高环磷酰胺导致的小鼠免疫力低下的调节作用。结果显示,优化后茖葱提取物能提高肝组织和酸性磷酸酶、血清溶菌酶的含量,碳廓清指数显著提高,脾脏、胸腺、肝脏的指标也都呈上升趋势,表现出良好的免疫调节效果。因此,激活免疫系统可以作为一种临床上治疗和预防各种疾病的新策略。

2.7 茖葱对糖尿病肾病的作用

糖尿病肾病是西方国家慢性肾脏病的主要病因[60]。抗炎、调节自噬、降低氧化应激等均是抑制糖尿病肾病发生发展的重要因素[61]。Kim等[62]证明了茖葱叶中分离的化合物对糖尿病肾病具有保护作用,其可以抑制醛糖还原酶(aldose reductase,AR)活性以及晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGE)形成。此外,阿魏酸还可降低糖尿病肾小球系膜细胞TGF-β1mRNA的表达和分泌。因此,从茖葱中分离得到的化合物为民间药用治疗糖尿病肾病提供了一定科学依据。

2.8 茖葱对慢性肺阻塞的治疗作用

全球每年有300多万人死于慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)。更好地理解COPD的复杂疾病机制,保持良好生活习惯以及早期治疗是减轻COPD的关键[63]。李雅萌等[15]将茖葱乙醇提取物作为研究目标,研究其在COPD小鼠中的作用。结果发现,其能够有效改善小鼠因吸烟导致的体重下降。从肺功能检测的数据来看,茖葱提取物高剂量组能够改善COPD小鼠的肺功能,还能够减轻小鼠肺部炎症浸润,减少中性粒细胞,更进一步减轻肺部损伤。

2.9 茖葱对肝损伤的保护作用

芦丁、槲皮素、维生素C等被证明在肝损伤、肝炎中表现出良好的治疗保护作用[64-65],其在茖葱中含量也较为丰富。黄翠菊[59]提取茖葱有效成分,探讨其对酒精诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用,结果发现其可改善小鼠肝损伤中氧化应激指标以及TG,提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶水平,进而发挥抗肝损伤功效。韩欣[66]探讨茖葱提取物(Allium victorialis L.,AVL)对小鼠肝脏脂肪变性、炎症反应以及肝纤维化的调节作用。结果发现,AVL通过活化核受体,抑制脂质代谢相关基因的过表达、炎症因子的释放,降低能量代谢,从而改善慢性酒精、蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏以及硫代乙酰胺诱导的小鼠肝脏脂肪变性、炎症以及肝纤维化作用。

3 含硫化合物体内代谢及转化途径研究

茖葱中含有大量的硫化物二烯丙基三硫醚(diallyl trisulfide,DATS),姜晓燕[67]对 DATS 体内代谢进行研究,给予大鼠单剂量和多剂量的DATS,气相色谱分析显示,血浆中没有检测到DATS的底物峰,说明DATS在血液中代谢迅速,与此同时检测出甲基烯丙基亚砜(allyl methyl sulphoxide,AMSO)和甲基烯丙基砜(allyl methyl sulphone,AMSO2)是其主要的体内代谢产物,且AMSO2的含量以及在体内驻留的时间均大于AMSO,尤其是AMSO2在体内的平均驻留时间达到30h。AMSO和AMSO2主要通过尿液排出体外,其次是胆汁排泄。此外,AMSO2在心、肝、脾、肺、肾等中均有少量累积。

蒜氨酸为茖葱中氨基酸成分。李明强等[68]对其在家兔体内代谢进行了研究,结果显示,蒜氨酸进入机体内,在代谢酶的作用下,分解生成大蒜素,发挥大蒜素和蒜氨酸双重药物的药理作用。最后蒜氨酸完全代谢转化为大蒜素,以大蒜素形式排出体外。组织器官中蒜氨酸与大蒜素结果显示,肝脏能富集蒜氨酸,并在肝脏中转化为大蒜素,肝脏中蒜氨酸和大蒜素浓度均高于血液浓度且能够通过血-脑屏障而进入中枢神经系统。

4 结语

茖葱作为百合科葱属植物,根茎有效植物成分有硫类化合物、黄酮类、多糖类、微量元素以及其他化合物等。现代药理学研究表明,茖葱具有保护中枢神经和心脑血管系统、抗肿瘤、抗炎以及提高机体免疫力等药理作用。因此,茖葱深受日本、韩国民间人士喜爱。近年我国野生资源愈加减少,建立快速繁殖栽培体系迫在眉睫。茖葱有着悠久的历史,茖葱的营养价值和功能特性还需进一步挖掘,对其野生栽培驯化、活性成分及生理功能特性的研究将为茖葱药用资源的开发及药效物质基础的研究提供更多的参考,并有望将其发展成为一种天然的具有药用价值的保健食品,更好的服务于社会大众。

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Research Progress on the Resources,Plant Structural Components,and Physiological Function of Allium victorialis L.

JIANG Yu-chen1,ZHANG Xian2,DOU Jia-yi1,LIAN Li-hua1,NAN Ji-xing1*,WU Yan-ling1*
(1.College of Pharmacy,Yanbian University,Yanji 133002,Jilin,China;2.Agriculture College,Yanbian University,Yanji 133002,Jilin,China)

Abstract:Allium victorialis L.,a perennial herb belonging to Liliaceae Allium sativum,is a nutritious wild vegetable.It is also widely used as a precious herbal medicine in traditional Chinese medicine.First recorded during the Warring States period,A.victorialis L.showed several effects including hemostasis,anti-inflammation,detumescence,and pain alleviation.In recent years,there had been increasing studies on A.victorialis L.to provide an in-depth understanding of its nutritional and medicinal value.The plant structural components and physiological function of A.victorialis L.were reviewed to provide a reference value for the development of A.victorialis L.as a functional food or drug supplement.

Key words:Allium victorialis L.;resources;plant composition;biological activity;research progress

DOI:10.12161/j.issn.1005-6521.2021.21.024

基金项目:国家重点研发计划课题(2019YFC1712501);国家自然科学基金(81973555);吉林省创新创业人才项目(2020023)

作者简介:姜禹辰(1997—),女(汉),在读硕士研究生,研究方向:中药抗肝纤维化。

*通信作者:南极星(1963—),男(朝鲜),教授,研究方向:中药抗肝纤维化;吴艳玲(1977—),女(汉),教授,研究方向:中药抗肝纤维化。

引文格式:

姜禹辰,张先,窦佳艺,等.茖葱资源、植物成分及生物活性研究进展[J].食品研究与开发,2021,42(21):156-161.

JIANG Yuchen,ZHANG Xian,DOU Jiayi,et al.Research Progress on the Resources,Plant Structural Components,and Physiological Function of Allium victorialis L.[J].Food Research and Development,2021,42(21):156-161.

加工编辑:冯娜

收稿日期:2021-03-04