肉及肉制品中含有优质蛋白质、必需脂肪酸、维生素、锌、铁和硒等多种营养物质及牛磺酸、肉碱和肌酸等生物活性物质,是日常膳食的重要组成部分[1]。但是肉制品在热加工过程中会伴随产生一些健康危害物,杂环胺(heterocyclic amines,HCA)是热加工肉制品中由葡萄糖、氨基酸和肌酸酐等反应或蛋白质热解形成的,具有致突变性和致癌性风险的健康危害物的一种[2]。Hasnol等的研究证实人体摄入含有HCA的热加工肉制品有使结肠、胰腺、胃和乳腺等罹患癌症的风险[3-5]。近来还有报道称HAC的摄入与神经元损伤及非酒精性脂肪性肝病等多种疾病也存在相关性[6-7]。截至目前,已经明确结构并准确命名的HCA有30多种,主要包括2个大类:氨基咪唑氮杂芳烃类(amino-imidazo-azaarene,AIA)和氨基咔啉类(amino-carboline,AC)[8-9]。其中AIA被称为极性或热诱导型HCA,主要是由肉制品中的糖类和氨基酸等在温度低于300℃时,经过脱水和环化缩合形成的[10]。根据化学结构的不同,AIA类HCA又可分为吡啶类、喹啉类和喹喔啉类。AC被称为非极性或热降解型HCA,主要是由肉制品中的氨基酸或蛋白质在温度高于300℃时热解形成的[11]。其中 2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶(2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine,PhIP)是HCA中含量较高的一种,所以经常被作为研究HCA的代表物。作为一种潜在的致癌及致突变的化合物,PhIP已被列为能够合理预测的人类致癌物。本论文通过阐述PhIP的形成机理和外源性物质抑制肉制品中PhIP形成的机理,以期为有效抑制肉制品中PhIP的形成提供理论参考。
PhIP属于吡啶类HCA,分子式为C13H12N4,相对分子质量为224.26,CAS登记号为105650-23-5,其化学分子结构如图1所示。PhIP是一种灰白色固体,有一定的极性,折射率1.699,酸度系数pKa=5.6,闪点237.4℃,密度1.3 g/cm3,在碱性条件下不溶于水。熔点300℃,沸点468.9℃,在通风低温干燥处能稳定储存。
图1 PhIP的化学结构
Fig.1 Chemical structure of PhIP
PhIP是热加工肉制品中一种含量较高的HCA,被发现存在于牛排、牛肉、鸡肉、培根和肉丸等多种肉制品中。在由于摄入HCA而可能增加的致癌风险中,有50%是由PhIP引起的,国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer,IARC)于 1993 年将PhIP定义为2B级潜在致癌物[12]。2004年美国健康和人类服务部(Department of Health and Humanity Services,DHHS)将PhIP列为能够合理预测的人类致癌物,并将其列入国家毒理学计划[13]。李瑞金等在研究PhIP对雄性大鼠心、肝、肺和肾等组织脂质过氧化作用的影响时发现,当组织中PhIP含量较高时会严重损坏机体的组织和细胞,进而引起慢性疾病甚至癌症[14]。Ohgaki等研究发现,PhIP会增加啮齿类动物的胃、肝脏、大小肠、结肠、乳腺与皮肤患癌症的风险[15]。Sinha等研究表明人体罹患癌症的几率与摄入PhIP的量呈正相关[16]。Fuccelli等通过试验发现PhIP能损伤外周血单个核细胞DNA[17]。Kakiuchi等研究发现存在于大鼠Apc基因中的5个位点在PhIP的诱导下会发生突变[18]。Dashwood等的研究结果证实PhIP可诱导大鼠结肠肿瘤Ctnnbl基因发生突变[19]。Lin等证实PhIP在体内会在细胞色素氧化酶(CYP 1A2)的作用下氧化激活生成N-羟基-PhIP,再进一步酯化形成致癌物N-乙酰氧基PhIP,后者会与DNA形成加合物[20]。PhIP与动物体内DNA形成加合物,是其致癌和致突变的基础。
Felton等于1986年首次从高温煎炸的碎牛肉中检测出了PhIP[21]。Shioya等在二甘醇-水混合液中加入苯丙氨酸、肌酸酐和葡萄糖的混合物并于128.0℃下加热2.0 h,从反应后的产物中检测得到了PhIP[22]。Skog等指出葡萄糖对PhIP的形成不仅起不了关键促进作用,甚至还会有抑制效果[23]。Skog等发现在肌酸酐与酪氨酸、异亮氨酸和亮氨酸等氨基酸的模拟反应体系中也有PhIP的存在[24]。Zchling等发现苯丙氨酸、肌酸酐等前体物质,苯乙醛、羟醛缩合产物等中间体和PhIP共同存在于模拟体系及烤肉等肉制品中[25]。1999年Felton等通过同位素标记法证实了苯丙氨酸和肌酸酐是形成的PhIP的前体物质[26]。Shigeo等也证实当模拟体系中存在肌酸酐的情况下,用苯乙醛代替苯丙氨酸同样可以诱导PhIP的形成[27]。由此推测,苯乙醛应该是PhIP形成过程中的一个重要中间体。Hidalgo等研究发现油脂氧化能够促进PhIP中间体苯乙醛形成的苯丙氨酸史崔克(Strecker)降解反应,从而对PhIP的形成有间接的促进作用[28-29]。综上所述,PhIP的形成途径可以概括为,苯丙氨酸经过Strecker降解反应产生苯乙醛,苯乙醛与肌酸酐反应形成了相应的羰基-肌酐加合物,而后发生羟醛脱水缩合反应生成羟醛缩合产物,最后羟醛缩合产物通过席夫碱(Schiff base)反应形成PhIP,即醛酮与伯胺反应生成含碳氮双键的亚胺。PhIP形成途径的路线图如图2所示。
图2 PhIP的形成途径
Fig.2 Formation pathways of PhIP
目前食品安全问题已经引起多方面的高度关注,由于PhIP广泛存在于多种日常膳食的肉制品中,并且对人体的危害较大,由肉制品中PhIP等HCA引发的健康问题也日益成为人们关注的焦点。肉制品行业在开发新产品,改善产品色香味等感官体验的同时,要更加注重其安全健康。影响PhIP的因素主要有原料肉的成分、加工器具、加工工艺及外源成分的添加等。肉品制作过程中添加外源成分是抑制PhIP产生的常见办法。目前多酚类抗氧化剂、香辛料和维生素等是常用的外源性添加剂,尤其是在酱卤肉制品中添加香辛料不仅能抑制HCA的形成,还能够起到改善肉制品风味的作用。
多酚是存在于植物中的多羟基酚类化合物的总称,属于可食性植物功能成分,是植株体内来源于苯丙氨酸代谢途径和莽草酸途径的重要次生代谢物,主要包括酚酸、黄酮醇和黄烷醇及衍生物等。Cheng等报道葡萄籽和苹果提取物对PhIP具有很好的抑制作用,并且证实了水果提取物中抑制PhIP形成的主要活性成分是绿原酸、根皮苷和原花青素等具有多酚结构的物质[30]。Gibis等发现将0.6 g葡萄籽提取物添加到100.0 g腌制料中对肉制品中PhIP的抑制率可达90%[31]。Sabally等研究发现,将0.3 g的苹果皮多酚混合于100.0 g牛肉饼中炸制后对PhIP的抑制率为21.0%,若涂抹在牛肉饼表面炸制后对PhIP的抑制率可达83.0%[32]。秦川的研究结果表明在烤牛肉中加入柚皮素、山奈酚、槲皮素、根皮苷、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)、染料木素和芹菜苷元等类黄酮物质,对烤牛肉中PhIP均有显著的抑制作用[33]。Weisburger等也发现染料木素和大豆苷元均可显著抑制PhIP的形成[34]。Cheng等在研究黄酮类物质对PhIP的抑制效果时发现,根皮苷、柚皮素和槲皮素均能明显抑制PhIP的形成[35]。Oguri研究14种抗氧化剂对PhIP的抑制效果时发现,EGCG、木犀草素、槲皮素和咖啡酸等多酚类物质均能明显抑制PhIP的形成,其含量是对照组的3.2%~75.0%[36]。于春娣等发现肌苷-苯丙氨酸体系中甘薯叶黄酮对PhIP的抑制率最高,依次是槲皮素、甘草素和芦丁,葛根素的抑制率最低[37]。多酚类抗氧化剂的种类、添加量及肉制品加工方式的不同会对PhIP的抑制效果产生差异。也有研究表明,人工合成的抗氧化剂如丁基羟基茴香醚和二丁基羟基甲苯也可以抑制PhIP的形成[38],但是这类物质进入人体后,对肝脏、肺和脾脏等器官的损伤较大。因此,选用酚酸、黄酮醇和黄烷醇等多酚类天然抗氧化剂来抑制PhIP的形成,是肉制品工业中降低PhIP含量的研究方向。
香辛料是指一类具有芳香和辛香等特殊香味的天然植物及其制品,添加到肉制品中不仅可以改善风味,而且已经有大量研究证实在肉制品中加入香辛料可以抑制PhIP的形成。大蒜和洋葱中含有丰富的大蒜素、二烯丙基硫醚、二烯丙基二硫醚和二丙基二硫醚等含硫化合物,Shin等的研究结果表明这些化合物对PhIP的抑制率可达85.0%以上[39]。吕美的研究表明,如果在煎牛肉饼中添加3.0%的高良姜,则PhIP可以得到完全抑制[40]。Zeng等发现在烤牛肉馅饼中添加花椒对PhIP抑制率可达100%,添加0.5%的辣椒和0.005%的辣椒提取物的抑制率分别为82.0%和27.0%[41]。Oz等研究发现按1.0%的比例在肉丸中加入黑胡椒,于225.0℃下油炸,黑胡椒对PhIP的抑制率也可达到100%[42]。Tsen等按0.1%的比例在牛肉饼中加入迷迭香,检测结果表明试验组中PhIP的含量比空白对照组降低了66.0%[43]。Puangsombat等研究了迷迭香乙醇提取物对烤牛肉饼中PhIP抑制率的影响,结果表明,其对PhIP的抑制率可达85.3%[44]。目前香辛料被广泛应用于各类肉制品加工中,通过添加香辛料抑制PhIP及HCA的形成在国内肉制品行业中具有广阔的发展前景。
维生素可以通过与形成PhIP的关键中间体苯乙醛结合而抑制PhIP形成。研究发现将0.1%的VE作为添加剂可使猪肉中的PhIP含量降低约78.0%,同时其抑制率会因VE的纯度和来源而相差悬殊。Balogh等研究发现把VE以1.0%和10.0%两种浓度添加到牛肉饼中,经煎炸后PhIP的浓度分别降低了69.0%和72.0%[45]。Wong等研究了11种水溶性维生素在模拟体系中对PhIP 的抑制作用效果,发现 VB6、VB7、VPP、VH、VB1、VC对PhIP的抑制率均可达40.0%以上[46]。
PhIP的前体物质苯丙氨酸经Strecker降解反应产生苯乙醛,苯乙醛与肌酸酐发生的脱水缩合等一系列反应是形成PhIP的主要途径。由于苯乙醛是PhIP形成的关键中间体,外源性物质主要是通过与苯乙醛反应形成加合物而阻断PhIP的形成。绿茶中的EGCG可通过清除PhIP形成的关键中间体苯乙醛,阻断苯乙醛与肌酸酐反应来抑制PhIP的形成。Cheng等的研究表明EGCG对模拟反应体系中苯乙醛的抑制率可达90.0%,同时通过液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)检测到了EGCG与苯乙醛反应形成的加合物[35]。Cheng等通过液相色谱-质谱法(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)分析发现柚皮素会以形成加合物的形式捕获苯乙醛,并通过核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)光谱表征分析出柚皮素的两个活性位点,提出了苯乙醛被捕获是柚皮素抑制PhIP形成的关键机制[47]。秦川将黄酮类物质和苯乙醛混合反应后经LC-MS/MS和NMR鉴定到苯乙醛-柚皮素和苯乙醛-槲皮素的加合物,然后在烤牛肉中检测出5种苯乙醛-黄酮加合物的分子[33]。Wong等研究发现水溶性维生素VB6可以抑制PhIP的形成,并通过液相色谱-电喷雾正离子串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-electro spray positive ion tandem mass spectrometry,LC-ESIMS/MS)和NMR波谱分析证实,VB6是通过捕获苯乙醛,形成了苯乙醛-VB6加合物而使PhIP含量显著降低的[46]。另外迷迭香提取物等香辛料对PhIP的抑制作用可能与其含有的酰胺类化合物有关,如鼠尾草酚,鼠尾草酸和迷迭香酚,其结构中具有邻二酚基团,可作为阳离子自由基的清除剂[48]。
PhIP是HCA的代表性物质,其存在于以热加工肉制品为代表的食品中,PhIP通过肉制食品等摄入人体后能引起慢性疾病甚至癌症。随着人们对食品安全的日益重视,降低肉制品PhIP的含量,提高其食用安全性,成为目前肉制品行业亟待解决的问题。研究发现多酚类抗氧化剂、香辛料和维生素等外源性物质均可以抑制PhIP的形成。在实际应用过程中,可以根据其抑制机理制定高效可行的方案,以期把肉制品PhIP的含量降至最低。
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