多酚是植物的次级代谢产物,许多研究表明植物多酚具有较多生理活性,包括常见的驱虫、止血、收敛、抗菌、抗炎、止泻、抗氧化活性外,还表现出抗病毒、抗脂质过氧化、抗肿瘤、抗变态反应、抗突变以及抑制人体免疫缺陷病毒复制等多种生物活性[1]。新疆药桑中多酚含量及种类丰富,药桑又名毛桑,极具地域特性,地产南疆,是我国唯一的黑桑种(Morus nigra L.)桑树[2]。由于在新疆沙漠地区的恶劣环境中长期生长,极冷、极热、极端干旱的气候条件导致药桑次生代谢产物与其它桑品种存在较大差异,且药桑具有悠久的药用历史,已知的活性有抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖、防止动脉硬化、抗衰老等作用[3],其中药桑多酚是天然的抗炎、抗氧化剂,具有开发应用价值。本文对新疆药桑多酚含量、组成、提取分离技术、生物活性4个方面的近10年文献研究进行综述,并展望其研究应用前景。
药桑多酚为药桑中多元酚类化合物的总称,调查文献归纳出药桑多酚主要包含5种多酚类化合物:羟基肉桂酸及其衍生物类、黄酮醇类、花色苷类、二酚羟基芪类化合物、桑根酮类化合物。药桑多酚的结构分类、代表性化合物及其生物活性见表1。
表1 药桑多酚结构分类、代表性化合物及其生物活性
Table 1 Structure types,representative compounds and biological activities of polyphenols from Morus nigra L.
类型 化合物中文名 化合物英文名 相关活性举例 参考文献羟基肉桂酸类 咖啡酸乙酯 ethyl caffeate 抗癌、抗疟、抗炎 [4-7]绿原酸 chlorogenic acid 抗肿瘤、抗自由基活性、抗万古霉素肾毒性 [8-11]黄酮醇类 芦丁 rutinum 保护神经、降血压、增强抗氧化力 [5,12-14]紫云英苷 kaempferol-3-O-glucoside 抗炎、抗癌 [5,15-16]槲皮素 quercetin 治疗糖尿病、治疗抑郁症、抗炎、体外抗生物膜活性 [5,17-20]桑色素 morin 抗炎、抗癌 [21-23]红景天素 rhodiosin 阻止细胞凋亡、抑制心率失常、治疗代谢紊乱 [24-27]二酚羟基芪类化合物 白藜芦醇 resveratrol 治疗糖尿病、抗衰老、抗癌 [5,28-30]花色苷类 矢车菊-3-O-芸香糖苷 cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside 抗氧化性 [31-33]天竺葵-3-O-芸香糖苷 pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside 抗氧化性 [31-32]矢车菊-3-O-葡萄糖苷 cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside 抗变异及抑制B16-F10细胞增殖和迁移 [31-32,34]天竺葵-3-O-葡萄糖苷 pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside [31-32]桑根酮类化合物 桑根酮M sanggenon M 抗氧化性 [35]桑根酮A sanggenon A 降血压 [36-37]
药桑中多酚含量丰富,买买提依明等[38]研究了新疆药桑桑叶、桑枝、桑果中的多酚类化合物含量分布,结果表明三者含量均较高,其中药桑叶多酚含量为0.020 0 mg/mL,枝条中含量次之,为 0.019 1 mg/mL,药桑果中多酚含量为0.018 6 mg/mL,仅比药桑叶少0.001 4 mg/mL。汪荷澄[39]研究对比了药桑葚、黑桑葚、白桑葚发现,药桑葚的总酚含量比白桑葚高34.33%,而白桑葚中酚含量很低,且药桑葚和黑桑葚中含有游离酚13种,白桑葚却只有8种,新绿原酸只在药桑葚中含有,在黑桑葚和白桑葚中均未检测到,在药桑葚和黑桑葚中花色苷含量最高的是矢车菊素芸香糖苷及矢车菊素葡萄糖苷。伍春等[40]采用单因素试验结合响应曲面法对新疆药桑皮总多酚提取工艺优化后,得到新疆药桑皮中总多酚得率为0.793%。
药桑中的多酚成分大部分为黄酮类化合物。王贺等[41]对比了药桑葚、药桑叶、药桑皮中黄酮含量,以60%乙醇,80℃提取1 h,过D101大孔树脂,采用NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH比色法,以芦丁为标准品,测得药桑皮中黄酮最高,达11.99 9 mg/g(干基)。曾卫湘等[42]对53份不同品种桑叶总黄酮进行含量测定,在温度70℃,超声功率200 W,70%乙醇溶液超声10 min,13 000 r/min离心5 min的条件测得药桑叶上清液粗黄酮中总黄酮含量为(33.70+1.15)mg/g。
多酚提取方法主要包括超声辅助提取法[43-44]、溶剂提取法、超临界流体萃取法[43]、酶法等。当前应用于药桑多酚提取纯化方法主要为溶剂提取法和大孔树脂纯化法。
多酚含有极性酚羟基基团,故可通过更换有机溶剂的种类来调整多酚类化合物在提取溶液中的溶解度或改变有机溶剂的极性来对多酚进行提取,所选用的溶剂一般为乙醇、甲醇和丙酮。刘丹等[44]利用超声波辅助乙醇提取法提取药桑葚总多酚,采用优化后最佳工艺条件:温度67℃,77%乙醇溶液超声辅助提取药桑葚,其药桑葚总多酚提取得率为3.72%,与试验模型预测值的相对误差为1.43%。并对11个药桑葚品种的总多酚进行提取分析,结果显示药桑葚的总多酚提取得率比提取得率最低的品种高出137倍,证明此方法适用于药桑葚总多酚的提取。王昕宇等[43]采用CO2超临界萃取法,取300 g样品在温度45℃,压力35 MPa,200 mL夹带剂,10 kg/h的CO2流量超临界萃取药桑葚黄酮,结果表明CO2超临界萃取与超声辅助提取药桑葚黄酮差异极为显著,CO2超临界萃取是超声波提取药桑葚黄酮的67倍。
药桑多酚的分离纯化多采用大孔树脂。杜晓童等[45]筛选出X-5型树脂,研究药桑多酚纯化的最佳工艺:粗提物1.8 mg/mL上样,1.0 mL/min流速,10倍柱体积,pH3.0;待样品吸附平衡,以少量蒸馏水洗脱,再以1.5 mL/min的70%乙醇溶液洗脱4倍柱体积。纯化后,药桑多酚含量从1.9%提升到41.2%,纯化效果明显。
黄酮类化合物是药桑多酚的重要组成成分,何倩等[46]研究了药桑总黄酮的提取工艺,得出对药桑总黄酮的提取纯化较好的树脂为AB-8型大孔树脂,且在70%乙醇溶液洗脱,1.5 mL/min流速,pH4,上样液浓度为0.208 mg/mL的条件下纯化结果最优。陈虎[47]优化得到了药桑葚总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为48%乙醇溶液,温度80℃,重复提取4次,得率2.31%。
邢小莉等[48]分别对新疆药桑的不同部位进行了研究,研究得出热回流提取法最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比 1∶50(g/mL),70%乙醇溶液 80℃回流 120 min,总黄酮的提取率为32.65 mg/g。另外,邢小莉[49]通过比较6种不同型号大孔树脂,筛选出NKA-9树脂为纯化药桑皮总黄酮的理想树脂,最佳纯化条件是:pH2,上样量为4倍柱体积,流速2.0mL/min,上样浓度1.5mg/mL,70%的乙醇溶液洗脱6倍柱体积,再以2.0 mL/min解吸,通过大孔吸附树脂纯化之后的药桑皮总黄酮得率是76.20%。郝蒙蒙等[50]按干燥药桑叶粉末∶石油醚1∶20(g/mL),70℃回流 4 h,提取 3 次,65%乙醇溶液浸泡24 h,期间加以搅拌,将滤液减压浓缩得到的药桑叶浸膏通过D101大孔树脂纯化。纯化过程先用蒸馏水洗脱至流出液无色,除去大部分生物碱及多糖,再继续以70%的乙醇溶液洗脱至洗脱液用盐酸-镁粉检测不显粉色,得粗黄酮。这种先采用石油醚进行脱色脱脂,再用乙醇提取,最后采用大孔树脂纯化得黄酮的提取工艺可重复,提取纯化效果好,黄酮含量由浸膏相中3.77 mg/g增加为粗黄酮相中24.70 mg/g;张贵会等[51]以乙醇浸提法得药桑叶浸膏,依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取后对正丁醇相进行了黄酮的分离,通过大孔树脂纯化,中压柱色谱及高效液相制备色谱共分离得到11个黄酮类化合物。
经研究药桑多酚具有较好的体外抗氧化活性。汪荷澄[39]研究对比了白桑、黑桑、药桑3种桑葚的1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼 (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力;氧化自由基吸收能力(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC) 和铁离子还原(ferric ion reducing antioxidant power,FRAP) 能力;2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt,ABTS]抗氧化活性结果均表现为药桑>黑桑>白桑。刘丹等[44]研究了药桑总多酚的ABTS+自由基、DPPH自由基的清除率,得出药桑葚总多酚的体外抗氧化活性比 VC更强(P<0.01)的结论。
杜晓童等[52]研究了药桑葚多酚抗炎活性,得出结论:新疆药桑多酚在0~50 μg/mL能有效降低NO释放量及促炎因子白介素-1β、白介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α生成量,具有良好的抗炎活性,并对其作用机制进行探讨:新疆药桑多酚有可能是通过抑制p38蛋白的磷酸化水平,从而使得丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路中炎症信号传导被抑制起到抗炎效果。或是通过抑制人核因子-κB 抑制蛋白 α(I-κappa-B-α,IκBα)的降解并抑制p65蛋白磷酸化,阻止核因子-κB(nuclear factorκappa B,NF-κB)二聚体核转运,进而抑制 NF-κB 信号通路下游基因的表达,起到抗炎效果。
药桑作为一种具有药食两用的资源,在我国有400多年的栽培历史。中国最大的药桑林位于新疆阿克苏地区库车县和新和县,种植面积在120 km2左右。作为一种极有潜力的天然抗炎、抗氧化剂资源,以药桑为原料研制高效低毒价廉的药品或保健食品,探寻药桑多酚高附加值的新型应用领域,对推动药桑开发利用具有重要价值。
药桑多酚具有研究意义,如何高效提取纯化药桑多酚类化合物,尤显重要。新疆药桑叶片中的酚含量最高,药桑多酚能起到清除自由基及消除自由基毒性作用。药桑多酚类物质还具有其它方面的活性如抗衰老、降血糖、防止动脉硬化、防治肿瘤及增加机体免疫力等多种功能,截止目前,关于药桑多酚的研究不够深入和系统,今后的研究还可以围绕以下几方面进一步开展:1)高效大量制备药桑多酚及其稳态化技术研究;2)分离纯化出更多种类的药桑多酚类化合物活性单体,以活性追踪的手段去分离得到目的性活性成分;3)探索药桑多酚更多其它生物活性及其药效作用机理;4)研究药桑多酚功能性产品的综合开发应用。新疆药桑粗多酚经过大孔树脂纯化工艺后,其抗氧化效果明显,是潜在的天然抗氧化剂资源,可开发成药桑叶多酚片、药桑枝多酚片等,也可用于一些高附加值食品的开发,作为一种全新的安全绿色的活性物质药桑多酚类化合物具有广阔的开发应用前景。
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Research Progress on Polyphenols from Morus nigra L.in Xinjiang
贺水花,杨玲.新疆特色植物药桑多酚的研究进展[J].食品研究与开发,2021,42(20):167-172.
HE Shuihua,YANG Ling.Research Progress on Polyphenols from Morus nigra L. in Xinjiang[J].Food Research and Development,2021,42(20):167-172.