山葡萄化学成分研究进展

范琳,王苗,张红印,沈颖昕,韩荣欣,严铭铭*,邵帅*

(长春中医药大学吉林省中药保健食品科技创新中心,吉林 长春 130117)

摘 要:山葡萄作为一种药食可用的植物,国内外学者对其进行了多方面的研究,迄今为止已从山葡萄根、叶、茎和果实中分离得到了大量芪类化合物及多酚类化合物。山葡萄具有多种功效,其根、藤有祛风止痛之功效,果实有清热利尿之功效。此外,山葡萄还被作为民间药材,多以复方药物的形式治疗疾病,该文将近年来有关山葡萄的化学成分、功效作用以及开发利用等方面的相关研究进行系统全面的总结,为山葡萄的深入研究及开发提供参考依据。

关键词:山葡萄;化学成分;功效作用;开发利用;植物资源

山葡萄(Vitis amurensis Rupr.),为葡萄科葡萄属落叶藤本植物,主要分布于我国黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古等地,是葡萄属中抗寒能力最强的一个种类。据《本草纲目》记载,山葡萄可止渴、悦色益气;具有祛湿痹、强筋骨、益气、耐饥忍风寒等功能。民间将其水煎剂用于治疗慢性肝炎、肾炎、慢性关节炎、跌打损伤、小便涩痛、胃热呕吐、疮毒、外伤出血等,疗效较好[1]。山葡萄一直以来皆为酿造葡萄酒的原料植物,野生资源丰富,分布广泛,为了更好地开发利用山葡萄的价值,探究其生物活性的物质基础,本文对山葡萄的化学成分、功效作用、开发利用进行了深入、系统的总结,为进一步研究及更好的开发利用提供参考依据。

1 化学成分

山葡萄的根、叶和茎中含有大量芪类化合物,果实中含多酚类化合物,此外,山葡萄籽含有氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸及钾、钠、钙、镁等营养元素。

1.1 山葡萄根、茎、叶中的芪类化合物

白藜芦醇、蛇葡萄素 A、(+)-hopeaphenol、(-)-cis-vitisin B、(-)-vitisin B[2]、isohopeaphenol、vitisin A、(+)-vitisifuran A、heyneanol A[3]、(+)-ε-葡萄素、蛇葡萄素、蛇葡萄素E[3]及多个全新的低聚芪类化合物:紫草素 A、B[4]、C、D、E、F[5]、G[6]、H[7]、I、J、K、L、M[3]。此外,山葡萄根还含有羽扇豆醇、白桦酸、大黄素、槲皮素、肌醇、水杨酸、谷甾醇和胡萝卜苷[2]

白皮杉醇、pallidol、异蛇葡萄素F[8]、反式-白藜芦苷、白皮杉醇-3-O-D-葡萄糖、反式-ε-葡萄素、(+)-蛇葡萄素 F、2-r-葡萄素[9]、cis-vitisin B、(+)-葡萄甾醇C、萘酚B[10]、糖蛋白H[11]和一个全新的三聚体白藜芦醇:顺式-山葡萄素B[12]。此外,山葡萄茎还含有有机酸类化合物草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸[13]

1.2 山葡萄果实中的多酚类化合物

(+)-儿茶素[14]、花青素[15]、原花青素 B1、原花青素B2、原花青素B3、原花青素B4、原花青素B5及三个全新的多酚类化合物:原花青素B5-3′-O-没食子酸酯、葡萄素和山葡萄素[16]

1.3 山葡萄中的其它成分

此外,山葡萄中含有蛋白质、氨基酸、糖、维生素、微量元素、黄酮、萜类、有机酸等。其中山葡萄籽所含氨基酸总量为11.91%,必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的27.71%;山葡萄籽含有的不饱和脂肪酸含量高达92%,其中主要成分是亚油酸[17];还含有丰富的无机元素,其中常量元素 Ca、K、P、Mg含量极高[18]。山葡萄籽营养丰富,功能多效,具有开发成保健品的潜在价值。

2 功效作用

2.1 抗氧化及抗衰老作用

自由基诱导的脂质过氧化可致人衰老,山葡萄多酚可降低大鼠组织内丙二醛含量和脂褐质含量,显著升高全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性,研究表明山葡萄多酚(polyphends of Vitis amurensis Rupr.,PVAR)能促进机体内源性抗氧化物质的产生,有效地抑制自由基脂质过氧化反应,提高机体抗氧化能力[19-20]。焦淑萍等[21-22]通过实验证明,山葡萄多酚可能通过直接减少氧自由基的生成从而保护氧自由基引起的大鼠心肌线粒体损伤。

随细胞的衰老,红细胞膜巯基、唾液酸的含量随之降低,细胞膜上的Na+-K+-ATP酶活性降低。经实验证明,服用含有山葡萄多酚饲料的老龄大鼠红细胞膜的唾液酸、巯基含量及Na+-K+-ATP酶活性均显著高于老龄对照组,山葡萄中山葡萄多酚对细胞膜的结构和功能的稳定性具有明显保护作用[19]

2.2 抗高血压作用

血管紧张素是一类具有极强的缩血管和刺激肾上腺皮质分泌醛固酮等作用的肽类物质,参与血压及体液的调节,血管紧张素Ⅱ能使全身小动脉收缩而升高血压,张立春等[23]研究表明,山葡萄多酚和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶抑制剂均可以对抗由血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的高血压的形成,且山葡萄多酚降低血管紧张素Ⅱ引起的高血压,是通过降低还原型辅酶Ⅱ氧化酶的亚单位来实现。

2.3 保护肝损伤

PVAR能有效地抑制酒精慢性中毒所致的肝脏组织活性氧含量和丙二醛含量的升高,对其引起的抗氧化物、抗氧化酶活性下降也有显著的保护作用,同时能够明显抑制大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶含量的升高、有效修复肝细胞生物膜损伤[24]。同时,山葡萄中的原花青素也是一种潜在的预防乙醇诱导的肝损伤的治疗剂[25]

2.4 抗炎作用

Vam系列化合物是从山葡萄根提取的二苯乙烯低聚体类化合物,这一系列化合物均具有相似的结构和抗炎作用,其中,Vam4能够抑制炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α、前列腺素E2、一氧化氮自由基的生成,并能够抑制5-脂氧酶活性的作用。同时,Vam4还能抑制与炎症相关的细胞功能,如趋化、聚集、呼吸爆发和黏附等[26]。侯琦等[27]通过一系列试验结果,Vam4在浓度为1×10-11mol/L即有明显的抑制炎性三肽诱导粒细胞趋化作用,可抑制大鼠外周血白细胞与关节滑膜细胞黏附活性,在一定浓度下能明显抑制佛波脂诱导的大鼠腹腔多核性白细胞呼吸爆发功能,还可抑制化合物诱导的肥大细胞脱颗粒,证明Vam4的抗炎作用机理与抑制多种炎性细胞功能有关。

2.5 保护心脑血管作用

山葡萄籽提取物中的白藜芦醇的四聚体山葡萄素和二脱氢山葡萄素A,具有一定的心、脑血管保护作用[28]。动脉粥样硬化是心脑血管病的主要病理基础。经试验证明,山葡萄素A和二脱氢山葡萄素A有明显的抗动脉粥样硬化作用[29]。山葡萄多酚还具有保护血管内皮细胞、急性心肌缺血损伤的作用[30-32]

2.6 利尿作用

冯晓东等[33]通过对山葡萄不同提取部位对小鼠利尿作用进行研究,发现其极性较大的萃取部位均有明显利尿作用,并推测发挥其利尿作用的活性成分可能为多酚类物质,且利尿作用相比氢氯噻嗪利温和,是找寻更为安全、持久地利尿药的重要探索途径。

2.7 抗肿瘤作用

山葡萄提取物可以起到抗癌效果,配合苯并芘使用,可明显抑制乳腺癌细胞、肺癌细胞、消化癌细胞[34]。山葡萄根中大量化合物均有明显抗肿瘤活性,具有很大的研究价值[35]

2.8 其它作用

山葡萄提取物Vam3是白藜芦醇的二聚体同系物,可能通过降低细胞内活性氧水平并且增加骨髓单个核细胞克隆形成能力对辐射暴露小鼠骨髓单个核细胞损伤起到保护作用[36]。此外,山葡萄还具有抗菌活性、抗黑素生成活性、抗过敏和抗病毒活性和抗血小板活性[37]等。

3 开发利用

山葡萄作为民间药材,以复方药物申报的专利主要用于治疗手足癣[38]、关节炎[39]、腰腿痛[40]、冻疮[41]、烫伤[42]、瘀血内积型腰痛[43]、肥胖[44]、醉酒[45]、乳痈[46]、痔疮[47]、肝硬化及肝腹水[48]、痤疮[49]、膝关节病[50]、鼻炎[51]、非典型肺炎[52]、肺癌[53]、艾滋病[54]等症。

在山葡萄提取物和有效成分研究方面,山葡萄的根、叶和茎中含有大量芪类化合物,其提取物中总聚芪有效部位群在治疗炎症疾病具有很好的疗效[55]。山葡萄还具有皮肤保健作用[56],在化妆品方面,由于山葡萄含有多种矿物质的维生素,特别是抗氧化物质丰富,制成美容露,长期使用能使肌肤红润、紧致、富有弹性[57]。山葡萄籽也含大量的营养及活性成分,从山葡萄籽中提取出的脂肪酸是均衡的植物精华素,具有皮肤保健、美容等作用[58]。此外,在保健品开发方面,以山葡萄籽原花青素为原料开发的保健品[59-60]具有增强抗氧化能力、清除自由基、保护心脑血管、提高免疫力、抗衰老、健脾、养胃、生津、润肺、补肾、抑制癌变等功效。

山葡萄是著名的野生浆果,酸高糖低、皮厚、汁少、单宁多、色素浓、芳香和无污染,营养价值极高。其中,每 100g鲜品含蛋白质 0.2 g、总糖 7 g~9g、总酸 2 g~3 g、单宁 0.05 mg~0.12 mg、钙 4 mg、胡萝卜素 0.04 mg。而每100 g干燥的山葡萄籽中含有氨基酸11.91 g,其中必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的27.71%,营养元素钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锌、锰 、铜含量分别为 337.6、187.3、654.5、121.6、55.6、1.4、4.3、0.8 mg。因此,山葡萄是酿酒和榨汁的极好原料[61-68]

在山葡萄栽培方面,由于山葡萄是葡萄属植物中抗寒能力最强的种类,从中克隆的VaERD15早期脱水应答基因,可用于抗寒葡萄的基因工程育种,以培养抗寒性强的转基因植株[69]。近年来,对于山葡萄的基因研究逐渐增多,有利于培育高质量山葡萄[70]。此外,山葡萄无公害栽培方法和基因表达与霜霉病相关研究可确保山葡萄安全过冬并获得可观产量[71-72]

4 结语

综上所述,山葡萄浑身是宝,营养物质丰富,含有多种生物活性物质,是我国宝贵的特色种质资源。为充分利用我国丰富的葡萄植物资源,有必要加强对其各种化学成分的深入研究,并对各种葡萄及其制品的功效作用进行深入研究,将山葡萄的传统用法和现代化研究相结合,同时完善其质量控制相关研究,保证药物质量控制的科学性,为其临床应用提供科学依据。

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Research Progress on the Chemical Constituents of Vitis amurensis Rupr.

FAN Lin,WANG Miao,ZHANG Hong-yin,SHEN Ying-xin,HAN Rong-xin,YAN Ming-ming*,SHAO Shuai*
(Jilin Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food Science and Technology Innovation Center,Changchun University of Chinese Medicine,Changchun 130117,Jilin,China)

Abstract:Local and international scholars have conducted various studies on Vitis amurensis,a medicinal and food homologous plant.So far,several stilbene and polyphenol compounds have been isolated from the roots,leaves,stems,and fruit of this plant,as it has many functions.Its roots and vines dispel wind and relieve pain,and the fruit clears heat and diuresis.In addition,Vitis amurensis is used in folk medicine,mostly as a compounded medicine for disease treatment.This article systematically and comprehensively summarized recent research on the chemical composition,efficacy,development,and utilization of Vitis amurensis to provide a reference for in-depth investigation into Vitis amurensis and the development of products using it as a raw material.

Key words:Vitis amurensis Rupr.;chemical constituents;pharmacological effect;exploitation;plant resources

DOI:10.12161/j.issn.1005-6521.2021.18.032

基金项目:吉林省科技发展计划项目(20180623041TC);长春市科技局项目(17YJ007)

作者简介:范琳(1996—),女(汉),硕士,研究方向:天然药物化学及新药开发。

*通信作者:严铭铭,教授,博士,主要从事具有重要生物活性天然先导结构的发现与研究、创制新药的应用基础和应用开发研究;邵帅,副教授,博士,主要从事药物化学、中药化学及新药开发研究。

引文格式:

范琳,王苗,张红印,等.山葡萄化学成分研究进展[J].食品研究与开发,2021,42(18):219-224.

FAN Lin,WANG Miao,ZHANG Hongyin,et al.Research Progress on the Chemical Constituents of Vitis amurensis Rupr.[J].Food Research and Development,2021,42(18):219-224.

加工编辑:姚骏

收稿日期:2020-09-15