虾青素具有很强的抗氧化能力,对紫外线引起的皮肤病有较好的治疗效果,对糖尿病引起的眼病也有防治作用,在医药、保健、水产养殖、食品、化妆品等行业得到广泛应用[1-2]。目前,市场上有合成虾青素和天然虾青素,天然虾青素已被证实对人体健康有益,广泛用于保健食品和生物医学研究领域,合成虾青素通常用作饲料的添加剂和色素[3-5]。
虾青素广泛存在于细菌、真菌、藻类中[6]。雨生红球藻是公认的虾青素含量最高的生物,高达4%,在胁迫条件下积累虾青素[7-8]。研究发现温度、盐度、光照、氮磷元素等影响雨生红球藻虾青素的积累[9-10]。沈雄等[11]发现钨酸钠可以使硝酸还原酶的活性降低,使生物减少对硝态氮的吸收,从而达到氮胁迫的效果。本文采用响应面法探讨温度、pH值、NaCl浓度、钨酸钠浓度对雨生红球藻虾青素积累的影响,以期为雨生红球藻的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。
雨生红球藻:中国科学院水生生物研究所。
改良 MC培养基(modified chalmers agar):MgSO4·7H2O 100 mg/L、K2HPO420 mg/L、CaCl2·2H2O 54 mg/L、ZnSO4·7H2O 0.008 2 mg/L、MnCl2·4H2O 0.004 1 mg/L、Na2MoO4·2H2O 0.038 mg/L、CuSO4·5H2O 0.006 mg/L、CoCl2·6H2O 0.005 1 mg/L、H3BO30.061 mg/L、乙二胺四乙酸二钠 0.019 8 mg/L、KNO3200 mg/L、FeCl3·6H2O 0.0244mg/L,pH 7.2。
YXQ-LS-50SII立式蒸汽灭菌器、BSG-250光照培养箱:上海博迅医疗生物仪器股份有限公司;MIKRO 200R台式冷冻离心机:德国Hettich公司;PHS-25酸度计:上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;LGJ-10冷冻干燥机:北京华兴科技公司。
1.3.1 试验设计
在前期预试验结果的基础上,采用Design Expert 10.0软件,进行四因素三水平的响应面设计,4个因素分别为温度(A)、pH 值(B)、NaCl浓度(C)和钨酸钠浓度(D),以虾青素含量(Y)为响应值,试验因素及水平见表1。
表1 响应面试验因素及水平
Table 1 Experimental factors and levels of response surface methodology
水平A温度/℃B pH值C NaCl浓度/(g/L)D钨酸钠浓度/(mmol/L)-1 25 8 0 0 0 28 10 2.5 4 1 31 12 5.0 8
1.3.2 虾青素提取与含量的测定
取处于对数生长期的雨生红球藻,进行雨生红球藻虾青素积累条件优化试验,7 d后,按照文献[12]方法测定虾青素含量。取20 mL藻液离心,沉淀洗涤2次,用5%KOH和30%甲醇去除叶绿素,研磨,二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)萃取(65℃水浴),离心,上清液重复提取,直至沉淀呈白色。上清液在492nm处测定吸光值,根据标准曲线方程计算虾青素含量:Y=219.43X-0.001,R2=0.999 6(Y 为 492 nm 处吸光值;X为虾青素含量,mg/L)。
采用Design-Expert10.0软件进行响应面设计和绘图。
采用四因素三水平的响应面设计,共29个处理组,以虾青素含量(Y)为响应值,方案及结果见表2。
表2 试验方案及结果
Table 2 Experimental scheme and results
试验组 A温度 B pH值 C NaCl浓度虾青素含量/(mg/L)1 0 0 -1 -1 5.05 2 0 0 1 1 5.4 3 0 0 1 -1 5.25 4 0 0 0 0 6.73 5 1 0 1 0 5.77 6 0 0 -1 1 6.44 7 0 -1 1 0 5.78 8 0 1 0 1 5.02 9 0 0 0 0 6.86 10 -1 -1 0 0 5.61 11 1 -1 0 0 5.17 12 0 0 0 0 6.83 13 -1 0 -1 0 6.18 14 1 0 0 1 5.7 15 -1 0 0 -1 6 16 0 -1 0 1 5.79 17 0 1 1 0 5.17 18 -1 1 0 0 5.23 19 0 -1 0 -1 5.31 20 -1 0 1 0 5.78 21 0 0 0 0 6.37 22 1 0 -1 0 5.28 23 1 1 0 0 5.05 24 0 -1 -1 0 6.15 25 0 1 -1 0 5.12 26 1 0 0 -1 5.03 27 0 1 0 -1 5 28 -1 0 0 1 6.21 29 0 0 0 0 6.38 D钨酸钠浓度
根据表2数据结果,选用Design-Expert 10.0软件拟合,得到拟合方程:Y=6.63-0.25A-0.27B-0.089C+0.24D+0.065AB+0.22AC+0.12AD+0.10BC-0.12BD-0.31CD-0.46A2-0.79B2-0.42C2-0.56D2。对回归方程Y进行方差分析,分析结果见表3。
表3 拟合曲线模型方差分析结果
Table 3 ANOVA results of the fitted curve model
注:P<0.05,差异显著;P<0.01,差异极显著。
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F值 P值模型 8.96 14 0.64 9.16 <0.000 1 A温度 0.76 1 0.76 10.80 0.005 4 B pH值 0.86 1 0.86 12.36 0.003 4 C NaCl浓度 0.095 1 0.095 1.37 0.262 2 D钨酸钠浓度 0.71 1 0.71 10.17 0.006 6 AB 0.017 1 0.017 0.24 0.630 5 AC 0.20 1 0.20 2.83 0.114 5 AD 0.053 1 0.053 0.76 0.399 0 BC 0.044 1 0.044 0.63 0.440 3 BD 0.053 1 0.053 0.76 0.399 0 CD 0.38 1 0.38 5.50 0.343 0 A2 1.38 1 1.38 19.74 0.000 6 B2 4.02 1 4.02 57.54 <0.000 1 C2 1.12 1 1.12 16.07 0.001 3 D2 2.05 1 2.05 29.36 <0.000 1残差 0.98 14 0.070失拟项 0.75 10 0.075 1.28 0.437 5纯误差 0.23 4 0.058校正总和 9.94 28
根据方差分析结果可知,该拟合方程具有极显著性(P<0.01),方差失拟项不显著(P>0.05),模型中 R2=0.901 6,R2adj=0.803 1,测量精度为 9.186>4[13],说明结果中有90.16%符合该模型,该方程拟合度良好[14]。由显著性检验结果可知,温度(P<0.01)、pH 值(P<0.01)和钨酸钠浓度(P<0.01)对雨生红球藻虾青素积累线性效应极显著,而NaCl浓度对雨生红球藻虾青素积累影响不显著(P>0.05)。二次项 A2、B2、C2、D2有极显著影响(P<0.01)。模型中交互项 CD、AB、AC、AD、BC、BD 影响均不显著(P>0.05)。根据F值大小,确定对雨生红球藻虾青素积累影响的顺序为B>A>D>C。
方差分析显示回归方程拟合度良好,以回归方程为基础,采用Design-Expert 10.0软件绘制各交互作用对雨生红球藻虾青素积累影响的响应面与等高线图,结果见图1~图6。
图1 温度和pH值交互作用对雨生红球藻虾青素积累的影响
Fig.1 The effect of the interaction of temperature and pH value on the accumulation of astaxanthin in H.pluvialis
图2 温度和NaCl浓度交互作用对雨生红球藻虾青素积累的影响
Fig.2 The interaction of temperature and NaCl concentration on the accumulation of astaxanthin in H.pluvialis
图3 温度和钨酸钠浓度交互作用对雨生红球藻虾青素积累的影响
Fig.3 The interaction of temperature and sodium tungstate concentrations on the accumulation of astaxanthin in H.pluvialis
图4 pH值和NaCl浓度交互作用对雨生红球藻虾青素积累的影响
Fig.4 The interaction of pH value and NaCl concentration on the accumulation of astaxanthin in H.pluvialis
图5 pH值和钨酸钠浓度交互作用对雨生红球藻虾青素积累的影响
Fig.5 The effect of interaction between pH value and sodium tungstate concentration on the accumulation of astaxanthin in H.pluvialis
图6 NaCl浓度和钨酸钠浓度交互作用对雨生红球藻虾青素积累的影响
Fig.6 The effect of the interaction of NaCl concentration and sodium tungstate concentration on the accumulation of astaxanthin in H.pluvialis
从图1可以看出,随着温度和pH值的升高,虾青素含量也随之增加,当温度和pH值升高到一定程度时,虾青素含量达到最大值,温度和pH值继续升高时,虾青素含量又会降低,这说明当温度和pH值取得某个适中值时,虾青素含量达到最大值。同理,图2~图6的因素和响应值之间也存在类似的规律。
通过Design-Expert 10.0分析优化,并结合实际进行调整,确定雨生红球藻虾青素积累的最佳工艺条件:温度27℃、pH9.6、NaCl浓度1.7 g/L、钨酸钠浓度5.2 mmol/L,此时虾青素含量预测值为6.8 mg/L。经3次验证试验,雨生红球藻积累虾青素(6.82±0.118)mg/L,与预测值相符,说明该拟合方程能较好地预测雨生红球藻虾青素的积累情况。
雨生红球藻受到生物或环境因素等胁迫后,鞭毛退化,由游动细胞转变为不动细胞,细胞壁变厚,体内色素发生变化,诱导类胡萝卜素合成[15]。陶云莹等[16]研究指出,温度对雨生红球藻积累虾青素有显著影响,27℃下虾青素积累效果最好,31℃条件下虾青素积累效果下降,本研究得到相似的结果,雨生红球藻虾青素积累的最佳温度为27℃。pH值对雨生红球藻的生长和虾青素的积累有较大影响,pH值过高会使雨生红球藻细胞贴壁或沉底,生长速率降低,积累虾青素[17-18],本试验得到最优pH值为9.6。李艳国等[19]通过单因素试验,指出NaCl可以促进虾青素的积累,0.4%浓度的NaCl对虾青素积累效果最佳,虾青素含量平均值为3.1 mg/L。本研究发现,雨生红球藻虾青素积累的最佳NaCl浓度为1.7 g/L,虾青素含量平均值为6.82 mg/L,推测可能是多因素交互作用引起的。有研究表明,营养匮乏会激发雨生红球藻的防御机制,开始积累虾青素,氮胁迫会促进虾青素的合成[20]。硝酸还原酶是硝酸盐还原过程中的关键酶和限速酶,影响植物对硝态氮还原及转化能力[21]。钨酸钠作为硝酸还原酶抑制剂,能够使植物细胞实现氮限制[22]。本研究中,钨酸钠浓度对雨生红球藻虾青素的积累具有极显著影响,最适浓度为5.2 mmol/L。
采用响应面法对雨生红球藻虾青素积累的条件进行优化,得到虾青素积累的最佳工艺条件为温度27℃、pH9.6、NaCl浓度 1.7g/L、钨酸钠浓度 5.2 mmol/L,4个因素对雨生红球藻虾青素积累影响的顺序为pH值>温度>钨酸钠浓度>NaCl浓度。本研究为雨生红球藻的进一步开发利用提供了理论依据。
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